2003年-世界发展银行全球_Phase-Out_of_Leaded_Gasoline_in_Oil_Importing_Countries_of_Sub-Saharan_Africa___The_Case_of_Tanzania_73页_967kb

Summary of the World Bank Clean Air Initiative in Sub-Saharan African Cities: Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Tanzania

Core Content

The World Bank Clean Air Initiative in Sub-Saharan African Cities focuses on the phase-out of leaded gasoline in oil-importing countries, with a specific emphasis on Tanzania. This initiative is part of a broader effort to improve urban air quality and public health in the region.

Main Objectives

• To assist the Tanzanian Government in making the decision to stop importing leaded gasoline.
• To raise awareness among government, industry, and civil society about the need to pursue policies that improve urban air quality.
• To outline the necessary steps and actions for the phase-out of leaded gasoline and the development of a more comprehensive approach to air quality management (AQM).

Key Points

1. Background and Context

• The global phase-out of lead from gasoline has been significant, with about 85% of gasoline now lead-free.
• Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the Middle East are the only regions where leaded gasoline is still widely used.
• In June 2001, the Dakar Conference agreed to launch national programs to phase out leaded gasoline by 2005 in SSA countries.
• Many countries have committed to the 2005 phase-out date, with Mauritius aiming for an earlier phase-out in August 2002.

2. Benefits of Lead Phase-Out

• Health Impacts: Lead is a highly toxic, non-degradable element that can damage the brain, kidneys, blood, central nervous system, and reproductive system.
• Children's Health: High lead exposure in children can lead to slowed cognitive development, reduced growth, and other health effects.
• WHO Recommendations: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends phasing out lead additives in motor fuels and reducing exposure to other sources of lead.
• Economic Benefits: Improved fuel quality can lead to:
  • Facilitation of regional trade and cooperation.
  • Larger markets and economies of scale.
  • Enhanced capacity building through access to technical expertise.
  • Environmental benefits through joint implementation of standards with neighboring countries.

3. Cost Advantages and Disadvantages

• Fuel Prices: Unleaded gasoline (ULG) is cheaper in international markets, leading to potential foreign exchange savings.
• Changeover Costs: These are expected to be negligible.
• Vehicle Compatibility: Older vehicles with soft valve seats may experience minor issues, but these can be mitigated with appropriate additives. However, additives are not recommended.
• Maintenance Costs: Reduced maintenance costs for vehicles are expected with the switch to ULG.

4. Priority Issues and Recommendations

• Fuel Specifications and Quality: Establishing and implementing fuel quality standards similar to those in other countries.
• Vehicle Imports and Emission Controls: Upgrading the quality of vehicle imports and emission controls.
• Baseline Studies: Conducting baseline studies on emissions and health impacts.
• Public Awareness Campaign: Developing a public awareness campaign to inform the population about the benefits of lead phase-out and the need for improved air quality.

5. Action Plan and Next Steps

• The World Bank has obtained funding from the Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) to support the development of an action plan for Tanzania.
• The action plan includes:
  • Three Key Recommendations:
    1. The Tanzanian Cabinet resolves to phase out leaded gasoline and introduce ULG by the end of 2003, with the oil industry following by June 2004.
    2. Establish a multi-sectoral stakeholder group by the end of 2003 to oversee the phase-out and awareness campaign. Key members include the Tanzanian National Environmental Management Council, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Energy and Minerals.
    3. Develop a more comprehensive approach to air quality management by the end of 2003, based on the Terms of Reference outlined in Chapter 10 – Annex D.
  • Nine Supporting Recommendations:
    • Enhancing legal and institutional frameworks.
    • Strengthening public awareness.
    • Establishing a monitoring system.
    • Improving fuel quality.
    • Promoting cleaner vehicle technologies.
    • Encouraging public participation.
    • Training and capacity building.
    • Supporting research and data collection.
    • Ensuring stakeholder coordination.

6. Public Awareness Campaign

• An indicative public awareness campaign is proposed, focusing on educating the public about the health and environmental impacts of leaded gasoline.
• The campaign targets government, industry, and civil society, with a special emphasis on vulnerable groups.
• The campaign will be overseen by the multi-sectoral stakeholder group, with input from consultants and experts.

Key Information

• Tanzania's Economy and Urban Development:

  • GDP in 2001 was approximately US$9.34 billion.
  • Annual economic growth is around 5%.
  • Urban population in 2002 was estimated at 7,279,000.
  • Major urban centers include Dar Es Salaam (2.5 million), Mwanza (476,600), Mbeya (266,400), Arusha (282,700), and Tanga (243,600).

• Lead Exposure in Tanzania:

  • The average lead concentration in gasoline is 0.2 gms/liter.
  • Actual lead emissions are estimated at 33 metric tons.
  • Lead exposure is expected to be lower than in neighboring countries like Kenya, Ghana, and Senegal.

• Supporting Organizations:

  • ESMAP: Plays a key role in technology and knowledge transfer.
  • Africaclean: An NGO based in Senegal promoting clean air activities in Africa.
  • World Bank: Provides technical assistance and funding support.

• Financial Support:

  • US$1.00 = 1,000 Tanzania Shillings (June 2003).
  • The World Bank is willing to support the Government with funding for follow-up technical assistance.

Conclusion

The phase-out of leaded gasoline in Tanzania is a critical step towards improving urban air quality and public health. It is part of a broader initiative supported by the World Bank and ESMAP, aiming to achieve the goals set during the Dakar Conference. The action plan outlines a structured approach, including legal, technical, and public awareness components, to ensure a smooth transition to unleaded gasoline and to lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive air quality management strategy.