2023-11-27-世界卫生组织-Achieving_universal_access_by_2030_and_net-zero_emissions_by_2050_16页_558kb

Summary of "Achieving Universal Access by 2030 and Net-Zero Emissions by 2050: A Global Roadmap for Just and Inclusive Clean Cooking Transition"

Core Content

This UN-Energy Policy Brief outlines a global roadmap to achieve universal access to clean cooking by 2030 and net-zero emissions in the cooking sector by 2050, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) and the Paris Agreement on climate change. The roadmap emphasizes a just and inclusive transition, ensuring that vulnerable populations are not left behind.

Main Goals

• Universal access to clean cooking by 2030: 2.3 billion people currently rely on polluting traditional fuels and technologies. This goal requires the share of the population mainly cooking with clean fuels or technologies (e.g., LPG, electricity, biogas, ethanol, solar, or improved biomass stoves) to increase from 48% (2020) to 65% (2030), with an intermediate benchmark of 52% by 2025.
• Net-zero emissions by 2050: The cooking sector contributes 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 56% of emissions from buildings. By 2050, emissions from electricity, LPG, and natural gas generation must be reduced by up to 90% to achieve a net-zero cooking footprint.

Key Milestones

1. By 2030: Achieve universal access to clean cooking, with 65% of the population mainly using clean fuels or technologies.
2. By 2040: Transition all households to Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS), which are defined as Tier 4 or higher in the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF).
3. By 2050: Achieve net-zero emissions in the cooking sector, with 70% of the population using electricity from renewable sources and 30% using other renewable cooking fuels.

Key Viewpoints

• Health, climate, and gender benefits: Clean cooking significantly improves health outcomes by reducing household air pollution (HAP), enhances gender equity by saving time for women and children, and reduces GHG emissions.
• Economic implications: The annual co-benefits from achieving universal access to clean cooking by 2030 are estimated at US$192.3 billion, far exceeding the US$7.4 billion in public investment required. By 2040, the co-benefits from exclusive MECS use are expected to reach US$232.3 billion.
• Investment needs: Public investment is crucial to ensure affordability, especially for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where clean cooking solutions must be accessible and cost-effective. Investment in energy infrastructure, stoves, and fuels is essential to support this transition.
• Inclusive transition: Vulnerable populations, including displaced communities and those in fragile or conflict-affected areas, must be integrated into national clean cooking strategies to ensure no one is left behind.

Key Information

• Multi-Tier Framework (MTF): A multidimensional approach to assess access to cooking solutions based on six attributes: convenience, fuel availability, safety, affordability, efficiency, and exposure. Clean cooking is defined as primarily using fuels or technologies meeting Tier 3 or above, while MECS requires Tier 4 or above.
• Clean Cooking Technologies: Include electricity, LPG, natural gas, biogas, ethanol, and low-emission biomass stoves. These technologies provide health and climate benefits.
• Net-Zero Cooking: Requires renewable electricity, bio-LPG, green hydrogen, and other clean fuels. By 2050, 90% of electricity generation should be from renewable sources.
• Country-specific approaches: Given the diversity of cooking systems, each country must develop its own roadmap, considering its economic development stage and clean cooking access status.
• Role of high-income countries: These countries should support LMICs while also decarbonizing their own cooking and heating sectors to align with the 2050 net-zero target.

Priority Actions

• Political commitment: High-level political support is essential to mobilize resources and ensure progress.
• Public investment: Needed to make clean cooking affordable, particularly for the poorest households.
• Policy integration: Cooking energy demand should be included in national energy and climate strategies.
• Use of tools: The Clean Cooking Planning Tool and BAR-HAP can help countries estimate costs and benefits of clean cooking interventions and design tailored roadmaps.
• Private and carbon finance: Public investment should be complemented by private funding and carbon finance mechanisms, such as Results-Based Financing (RBF), to support clean cooking access and reduce emissions.

Conclusion

The transition to clean cooking is not only a development priority but also a critical step toward achieving net-zero emissions and climate resilience. A coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach is necessary to accelerate this transition and ensure that it is just, inclusive, and sustainable. The global roadmap provides a framework for countries to align their national strategies with the 2030 and 2050 targets, leveraging both public and private resources to drive progress.