2024-09-09-世界银行-建立证据以提高难民和收容社区的福利——来自肯尼亚难民和收容群体纵向社会经济研究的见解（英）_116页_11mb

Insights from the Kenya Longitudinal Socioeconomic Study of Refugees and Host Communities (K-LSRH 2023)

1. Demographic Profile

• Camp vs. Urban Refugees: Majority (81%) of refugees resided in camps, with significant variances in age, education, and employment. Young adults (median age 28 years) faced challenges like low education attainment (46% had no schooling) and limited employment opportunities.
• Host Communities: Hosts in Turkana and Dadaab reported higher child dependency ratios and greater reliance on humanitarian assistance. Overcrowding and poor housing conditions were prevalent in camp host communities.

2. Basic Needs and Poverty

• Multidimensional Poverty: High levels of deprivation in camps (Severe poverty rate: 68.9% in Turkana hosts). Education outcomes lagged due to access barriers, with lower net primary school enrollment in camp hosts (70.7% vs. 73.2% in Dadaab hosts).
• Food Insecurity: 86.9% of Turkana host households experienced severe food insecurity, driven by limited income diversification and high unemployment. Coping strategies like reduced food consumption were common, but aid coverage was low in some areas.

3. Socioeconomic Resources

• Employment: Only 14% of camp refugees were employed, with wage earnings significantly lower than Kenyans (Ksh 8,000/month vs. Ksh 15,000). Self-employment was hindered by bureaucratic barriers, with few holding work permits.
• Income Sources: Aid constituted large portions of income in camps (e.g., 45.1% of camp hosts' income from aid). 63% wanted incentives for employment, but formal job opportunities like incentive work favored more educated refugees.

4. Shocks and Resilience

• Environmental and Economic Shocks: Camp locations experienced more droughts, floods, and health crises, overwhelming household coping strategies. 36.6% of households experienced multiple shocks in the past year.
• Psychosocial Wellbeing: Refugees showed higher rates of depression and anxiety symptoms, with lower trust levels from host communities in certain areas, affecting social cohesion.

5. Education

• Access and Enrollment: Despite high aspirations (95% wanted university), enrollment was low, especially in Dadaab and Turkana hosts. Cost barriers (school fees) excluded many children, leading to persistent out-of-school populations.
• Learning Outcomes: Poor performance in early grade assessments indicated foundational learning deficits. Tailored interventions for dropouts and catch-up programs are essential.

6. Policy Recommendations

• Short-Term: Ease restrictions on movement and work permits, streamline documentation, and increase access to education and vocational training.
• Medium-Term: Promote place-based development in refugee-hosting areas, enhance social protection systems, and create targeted job opportunities.
• Long-Term: Prioritize psychosocial support, inclusive education, and sustainable economic integration to achieve self-reliance and resilience.

This study underscores the need for comprehensive policies addressing displacement dynamics in Kenya to improve welfare for both refugees and host communities.