2012年-世界发展银行全球_Grow_in_Concert_with_Nature___Sustaining_East_Asias_Water_Resources_through_Green_Water_Defense_112页_5mb

Summary of Grow in Concert with Nature: Sustaining East Asia's Water Resources through Green Water Defense

Core Content

The World Bank report Grow in Concert with Nature: Sustaining East Asia's Water Resources through Green Water Defense presents a comprehensive analysis of water resource management in East Asia, emphasizing the need for an adaptive, sustainable, and integrated approach known as Green Water Defense (GWD). The report explores the challenges posed by water scarcity, climate change, and increasing demand, and outlines a framework for managing water resources in a way that aligns with natural systems, enhances productivity, and reduces environmental impact.

Main Objectives

• To promote sustainable water resources management in East Asia through the GWD approach.
• To analyze the status of water resources in the region and the impacts of climate change.
• To identify key principles, elements, and measures of GWD.
• To provide policy recommendations based on case studies from Australia, Israel, Spain, and China.

Key Messages

• Green Water Defense (GWD) is a promising approach to managing water resources in a way that supports green growth and sustainable development.
• GWD is more cost-effective and sustainable due to its multi-function/benefit orientation.
• GWD requires adaptive management of spatial layers (ecosystem, infrastructure, and land/water use), key elements (land, water, and ecological environment), and their dynamic interactions.
• It endorses participatory spatial planning and management and calls for a water-resilient and efficient society.
• Water must be managed as a precious resource, a service medium, and a risk factor, requiring total water management throughout the water cycle.
• GWD is based on the principle of 'living and building with nature' and maximizing water productivity.
• It promotes right-based, productivity-focused, and multi-function oriented water management.
• Stakeholder involvement, cross-sectoral collaboration, and market mechanisms are essential for implementing GWD.

Key Challenges in East Asia

• Increasing water scarcity due to spatial and temporal variability and climate change.
• Rising cost of flood damage from extreme weather and sea level rise, especially in low-lying deltas.
• Water pollution and ecosystem degradation, affecting biodiversity and water services.
• Climate change and variability increasing vulnerability in coastal and delta regions.

GWD Conceptual Framework

GWD is an adaptive management philosophy that seeks to integrate natural forces and artificial interventions. It balances incentive-based and supply-driven measures, with the goal of sustainably providing water services and managing climate risks with minimum environmental footprints and externalities.

The conceptual framework of GWD includes three spatial layers:

• Base Layer: Represents the ecosystem (air, water, soil).
• Network Layer: Represents the infrastructure system.
• Occupation Layer: Represents human actions in land and water use.

These layers interact dynamically, and the GWD approach promotes healthy interactions between them to achieve ecosystem sustainability and water and land use resilience.

Key Principles of GWD

1. Sustainability as an overarching principle in integrated water-land-ecosystem use.
2. Spatial and dynamic perspective for problem-solving, supported by modern tools and IT.
3. Use of natural forces and processes through ecological services.
4. Stakeholder involvement and cross-sectoral collaboration to achieve multiple wins.
5. Integration of supply and demand-side measures in adaptive water management.
6. Balancing structural and non-structural measures for more sustainable solutions.
7. Cost-effectiveness as a criterion for option assessment and prioritization, considering social and environmental costs and benefits.

Key Elements of GWD

• Knowledge Requirements:

  • Establish current status of inputs and trends.
  • Determine water system boundaries.
  • Decide on water availability through modeling.
  • Determine sustainable water use requirements.
  • Assess risks to water resources.

• Management Tools:

  • Water allocation planning (water accounting, supply reliability, user priorities).
  • Water entitlement system (core mechanism for managing water systems).
  • Publicly accessible water registers (to track entitlements and allocations).
  • Economically viable and efficient infrastructure.
  • Demand management and water conservation (policy and management interventions).
  • Augmentation from alternative water sources (recycled, brackish, rain/storm water).

Key GWD Measures from Best Practice Case Studies

• Water conservation culture is essential for effective water management.
• A portfolio of measures (legal, policy, economic, technological, and management) is necessary for managing water scarcity.
• Improving water productivity through consumption-based efficiency is central to adaptive management.
• Water right trading (as in Victoria, Australia and northern China) is effective in reallocating water to high-value uses and increasing productivity.
• Virtual water trade (as in Spain) helps reduce agricultural water consumption and mitigate shortages.
• Demand-side management (tariff adjustments, technological innovations) is a cost-effective way to bridge supply-demand gaps.
• Incentive policies and economic instruments can stimulate water conservation and sustainable practices across sectors.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• GWD is a holistic and adaptive approach to water resources management that supports green growth and sustainable development.
• It requires multi-level governance, participatory planning, and market mechanisms to ensure efficient and equitable water use.
• Incentive-based policies and technology-driven solutions are critical for achieving water security and climate resilience.
• The report recommends building a roadmap for GWD implementation in East Asia, focusing on adaptive management, institutional innovation, and technological advancement.

References and Appendices

The report includes case studies from Australia, Israel, Spain, and China, highlighting best practices in water management. Appendices provide detailed background information on the case studies, including rainfall patterns, water entitlement frameworks, and institutional arrangements. The report also references key international organizations such as the World Bank, OECD, and International Water Management Institute (IWMI).