2011年-世界发展银行全球_Energy_Access_and_Productive_Uses_for_the_Urban_Poor___Final_Report_on_Ghana_Scoping_Study_100页_2mb

Summary of "Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor" Final Report on Ghana Scoping Study

Core Content

This report presents the findings of a scoping study conducted by the Energy Center of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) on energy access and productive uses for the urban poor in three slums of Ghana: Akwatia Line, Old Fadama, and Amui Dzor. The study was carried out from October 1st to December 20th, 2010, and aimed to understand the energy usage patterns of households and enterprises in these slums and to explore the potential for deploying modern energy forms to improve livelihoods.

Main Objectives

• To identify productive energy uses in slums
• To examine the challenges and opportunities in energy access for slum dwellers
• To provide insights for the development of energy services for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in slum upgrading programs

Key Findings

Housing Characteristics

• 79.3% of houses in the three slums were made of wooden shacks.
• Old Fadama and Akwatia Line were mainly occupied by squatters facing eviction risks.
• All households in Akwatia Line and Amui Dzor used public bathhouses and toilets due to lack of private facilities.
• Waterlogged areas and damp conditions were common in the slums, contributing to poor living conditions.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics

• Active population (15–64 years) dominated over inactive population in slums.
• Average household size was 3 members.
• Males comprised 71.1% of household heads, while females made up 28.9%.
• 65% of household heads migrated from the Northern Region to seek economic opportunities in southern cities.
• 36% of household heads had no formal education, 17.3% had started but not completed basic education, and only 5% had completed technical/vocational education.

Economic Characteristics

• Employment in the slums was largely in the informal sector, with 98% of households engaged in informal employment.
• Household income in the slums was higher than the national average, with an average of GH¢459.2 per month.
• Household expenditure was higher than the national average, but lower than the Greater Accra Region average.
• Households had the capability to save GHc2.7, GHc2.6, and GHc2.0 per day in Old Fadama, Amui Dzor, and Akwatia Line respectively.
• 39.9% of households saved with financial institutions, with 81.8% using banking institutions and 18.2% using non-banking financial institutions like savings and loans groups.

Energy Supply and Utilisation

Lighting

• Electricity access in the slums was high, ranging from 79.4% in Akwatia Line to 95.1% in Old Fadama.
• Only 46.2% of households had legal electric meters and connections from ECG, while the rest used illegal bypass connections.
• Kerosene and candles were used by 9.5% and 2.3% of households, respectively, due to lack of electricity access.
• Dry cell batteries were used by 30.5% of households as an alternative lighting source.
• Electricity bills as a proportion of household expenditure were 7.3%, lower than the national average of 9.5%.

Cooking

• Charcoal and firewood were the primary cooking fuels, used by 73.9% and 10.6% of households respectively.
• Firewood accounted for the highest monthly expenditure on cooking fuels, with an average of GHc42.9.
• 22.3% of households preferred LPG, while 21.6% preferred electricity as cooking fuel.
• Perceptions of charcoal were negative, including high cost, harmful effects, time-wasting, and unhealthy.

Enterprise Characteristics

• 88 enterprises were surveyed, including public bathhouses, petty retail shops, food vendors, chop bars, and others.
• Public bathhouses provided water at 20GHp for cold and 25GHp for warm.
• Petty retail shops used electricity for freezing and cooling, while hair salons used it for drying hair.
• Food preparation and vending used kerosene and candles during power outages.
• Charcoal was used by food vendors and fish/meat mongers for cooking and smoking.
• Video centres used petrol for stand-by generators during power outages.

Sources of Capital for Enterprises

• 89.4% of enterprise owners used personal savings to establish their businesses.
• 3.4% used personal savings supplemented by credits from friends and family.
• Only 34.1% of enterprise owners had apprenticeship training before starting their businesses.

Energy Challenges and Prospects

• Power outages and illegal connections were major issues affecting energy access.
• Firewood was the most commonly used energy type for enterprises, especially in food and fish/meat mongering.
• LPG was used by bakeries, scrap metal dealers, and others.
• Modern energy forms like LPG and electricity were preferred due to their convenience, safety, and efficiency.
• The prospects for modern energy adoption were promising, but barriers such as cost, availability, and awareness needed to be addressed.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• The study highlights the economic and social importance of slums and the role of enterprises in urban development.
• Modern energy access is crucial for improving livelihoods and productivity in slums.
• Policy and institutional support are needed to address illegal connections and improve energy supply.
• Community engagement and awareness campaigns should focus on the benefits of modern energy.
• Financial inclusion and access to formal savings should be encouraged to support enterprise development.

Key Information

• Methodology: A representative sample of 1,060 households and 88 enterprises were surveyed.
• Data Collection: Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used.
• Key Stakeholders: ESMAP, Cities Alliance, and local NGOs supported the study.
• Report Structure: The report includes background, literature review, findings, recommendations, and conclusion.

Appendices and Tables

• Annex 1: Explains estimations used in the report.
• Annex 2: Details kick-off meeting proceedings.
• Tables: Cover population growth, household income and expenditure, energy use patterns, and enterprise characteristics.

Abbreviations

• ESMAP: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program
• KNUST: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
• ECG: Electricity Company of Ghana
• LPG: Liquified Petroleum Gas
• SNEP: Strategic National Energy Plan
• PDG: People's Dialogue Ghana

References

• The report cites various sources, including government documents, NGOs, and academic institutions.

Final Notes

• The World Bank and ESMAP do not guarantee the accuracy of data and accept no responsibility for its use.
• The report is intended for educational and nonprofit use and may be reproduced with acknowledgment of the source.