DBEIS-英国能源简述2020（英文）-2020.12-52页_2mb

UK Energy in Brief 2020 Summary

Core Content Overview

This document provides a comprehensive overview of the UK energy system, focusing on production, consumption, prices, and climate change. It compiles data from multiple BEIS publications and other government sources to illustrate key trends and statistics from 1990 to 2019.

Main Sections and Key Information

Energy in the Economy

• Contribution to GVA: The energy industries contributed 2.5% of GVA in 2019, slightly higher than the previous year.
• Employment: In 2019, 177,000 people were directly employed in the energy sector, representing 6.0% of industrial employment.
• Investment: In 2019, total investment in the energy industries was £19.2 billion, with 30% in oil and gas extraction, 55% in electricity, and 11% in gas.

Overall Energy

• Primary Fuel Production: In 2019, primary oil accounted for 44%, natural gas 29%, primary electricity 16%, and bioenergy and waste 11% of total production.
• Inland Energy Consumption: Inland primary energy consumption fell by 0.2% in 2019, reaching 189.6 million tonnes of oil equivalent. The total final energy consumption was 142.0 million tonnes of oil equivalent, with the largest decline in the industry sector.
• Import Dependency: In 2019, 35% of UK energy was imported, down from 2014 levels due to increased domestic production and renewable energy.
• Low Carbon Sources: In 2019, 19.8% of UK energy came from low carbon sources, with bioenergy being the largest contributor at 37% of this proportion.

Climate Change

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: In 2019, territorial greenhouse gas emissions were estimated at 435.2 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent, a 3.6% decrease from 2018 and 45% from 1990.
• Sector Contributions: The transport sector was the largest single source of emissions in 2018, contributing 28% of total emissions. The energy supply sector accounted for 23% of emissions, with a 62% decline since 1990.
• CO₂ Emissions: CO₂ emissions in 2019 were 81% of total greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing by 3.9% from the previous year and 41% from 1990.

Security of Supply

• Capacity Margins: The electricity capacity margin increased from 2007/08 to 2014/15 but dropped to 29% in 2016/17 due to plant closures and conversions. It rose to 43% in 2018/19 before falling to 38% in 2019/20.
• Gas Supply: The gas capacity margin has generally widened since 2008/09 due to increased LNG supply, while demand has been declining since the mid-2000s.

Coal

• Production: UK coal production reached a record low of 2.2 million tonnes in 2019, down 16% from 2018.
• Imports: Coal imports fell to 6.5 million tonnes in 2019, the lowest in 35 years, due to mine closures and falling electricity demand.

Petroleum

• Trade: The UK remains a net exporter of certain petroleum products, such as petrol and fuel oil, but is a net importer of most.
• Demand by Product: Oil demand fell in 2019, while demand for road fuels remained relatively stable.

Oil and Gas Production

• UK Continental Shelf: Production peaked in 1999 and has since declined, with the UK becoming a net importer in 2004.
• Reserves: The UK has seen a decline in oil and gas reserves over the past few decades.

Natural Gas

• Demand: Natural gas demand has generally declined since the mid-2000s.
• Trade: Norway is the largest supplier of natural gas to the UK, accounting for 57% of imports in 2019.

Electricity

• Generation: Electricity generation increased in 2019 due to growth in wind and solar capacity.
• Supply: Electricity supply remained relatively stable, with a focus on renewable sources.
• Capacity: The UK has seen a gradual increase in electricity generation capacity since 2006.

Renewables

• Energy Sources: Renewables accounted for 19.8% of total energy supply in 2019, with bioenergy being the largest contributor.
• Wind and Solar: Wind and solar generation increased significantly in 2019, with wind up 13% and solar up 1.4%.
• EU Renewable Directive: The UK has made progress in meeting the EU Renewable Energy Directive, with renewable energy supply increasing over the years.

Energy Efficiency

• Energy Intensity: The UK has seen improvements in energy efficiency, contributing to the decline in energy intensity.
• Energy Efficiency Measures: An increasing number of homes have adopted energy efficiency measures, contributing to lower energy use.

Fuel Poverty

• Households in Fuel Poverty: The number of households in fuel poverty has fluctuated, with data provided by the annual Fuel Poverty statistics report.

Prices

• Fuel Price Indices: The document includes fuel price indices for both the industrial and domestic sectors.
• Petrol and Diesel Prices: Petrol and diesel prices are also covered, with data provided from the Energy Prices report.

Expenditure

• Fuel Expenditure: The document provides data on fuel expenditure for households, highlighting trends in energy costs.

Key Trends and Developments

• The UK has transitioned from being a net exporter of energy to a net importer, primarily due to the decline in domestic oil and gas production.
• There has been a significant shift towards renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar, which have contributed to the decline in greenhouse gas emissions.
• Energy efficiency improvements and fuel switching have played a major role in reducing energy consumption and emissions.
• The energy sector's contribution to the UK economy has fluctuated, with oil and gas extraction being the largest contributor until 2013, when the electricity sector surpassed it.

Conclusion

The UK energy system has undergone significant changes over the past three decades, marked by a decline in fossil fuel production and consumption, an increase in renewable energy use, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. These changes have been driven by a combination of policy, technological advancements, and market dynamics. The document serves as a valuable resource for understanding the current state and historical trends of the UK energy system.